The Corpus of ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE in Britain & Ireland
Fife (pre-1975 traditional (Scotland))
Parish church, formerly Benedictine house
(In this description the bays of the nave are counted westwards from the site of the crossing. It should be noted that the nave was originally of eight bays though the easternmost bay has been almost completely rebuilt, along with the adjacent parish church of 1818-21. Nevertheless, the nave bays are numbered as if that eastern bay remains in place.)Dunfermline, some three miles inland from the south coast of Fife, is on a southward facing slope overlooking the Firth of Forth. The ‘dun’ element of its name suggests there was an early fortification here; but, whatever its origins, there was certainly a royal residence by the later eleventh century. The abbey has its origins in a church built by St Margaret on the site of her marriage to Malcolm III c.1070, to which she brought a small group of monks from Canterbury, who formed the first Benedictine community in Scotland, and it was here that Margaret was buried. The house was re-founded as a major abbey c.1128 by David I, the sixth and youngest son of Malcolm and Margaret, with a fresh infusion of monks from Canterbury, and for over two centuries it was to be the most important mausoleum of Scotland’s royal dynasty. Until modern expansion, the town that grew up around its walls was largely to its north.Fragmentary footings of a diminutive four-compartment church that had evidently been built in two phases (c.1070 by Margaret and c.1100 by Edgar?) were excavated below the floor of the nave in 1916. The present building, constructed of buff-coloured sandstone, was erected after the establishment of the abbey in 1128. The surviving part is seven bays of the originally eight-bay nave, which was retained in use as the parish church after the Reformation. The site of the eastern limb and transepts is now largely occupied by the church that was built there to the designs of William Burn in 1818-21 to replace the medieval nave as the place of parochial worship. The only part of the medieval church to remain in place east of the nineteenth-century building is a fragment of the feretory chapel of St Margaret, which is presumed to have been built c.1249, and of which the lower east and south walls partly survive.No detailed record was made of the evidence for the plan of the eastern limb before the early nineteenth-century church was built, but it is thought that it was initially of four aisled bays, with an apse projecting beyond the central vessel. The church was probably the first in Scotland to have three towers, though none of them survives in Romanesque form. The central tower is altogether lost, while the north-west tower, capped by a splay-foot spire, was rebuilt by Abbot Richard de Bothwell (1444-68), and the south-west tower was rebuilt in 1811 to the designs of William Stark. An early nineteenth-century view by John Clerk of Eldin, and one made for General George Henry Hutton, both appear to show the already truncated south-west tower before its collapse and replacement as having a massive stair turret at its south-west corner.There were initially three entrances into the nave. One is on the south side, where it opened off the cloister through what was the second bay from the east; it was therefore presumably not aligned with the east cloister walk as would be more usual. This doorway is the most finely decorated feature of the surviving part of the abbey church. It has survived well through being protected initially by the north cloister walk, and later by the burial vault of Sir Henry Wardlaw, until it was rediscovered in 1903 and exposed by the removal of one bay of the Wardlaw vault in 1905. At that time there was some renewal of masonry in the jambs, and perhaps some limited re-tooling of the inner caps; unfortunately, as a result of over a century of re-exposure, the doorway is now showing some signs of weathering. A second entrance from the cloister was cut in the seventh bay at a later date.The entrance for the laity is on the north side, in the seventh bay, and, as part of the mid-fifteenth-century modifications carried out for Abbot Bothwell, a tierceron-vaulted porch was placed over that doorway. This doorway appears to have been of five orders, but the fifth order is now largely covered by the walls and vault of the added porch. It is set within a salient, the superstructure of which is weathered back a little below the aisle cornice, and which is now framed by the buttresses of the mid-fifteenth-century porch. The upper part of the salient, which is partly obscured by the roof of the porch is decorated with a blind arcade of seven unmoulded arches carried on en-delit shafts with cushion capitals. The details of the caps and bases of that arcade are now too eroded to describe.The great processional entrance, which is the largest of the three, is at the centre of the west front. It is set within a salient that is weathered back below the window inserted at mid-height of the west front in the mid-fifteenth century.Externally there are three tiers of windows along the south and north flanks, which light the aisles at the lowest level, the galleries over the aisles, and the clearstorey. All of the Romanesque aisle windows survive on the south side, apart from that in the rebuilt east bay; they were set above the cloister roof. On the north side only the aisle windows in the third and fourth bays from the east survive in their Romanesque form. They all have a plain inner order, which may have been pared back to increase the daylight opening. Framing that opening in the jambs are en-delit nook shafts (largely renewed) supporting cushion or scalloped capitals with a roll necking and plain abaci that have a quirk between the two planes. Those abaci extend outwards to form a string course that meet the flanks of the pilasters between the bays. In the arch the shafts support an order in which chevron wraps around a curved profile. Framing that order is an outer order decorated with a label moulding, around which there is a hoodmould with a chamfered soffit. The exceptions to this, which are both on the south side, are in the second bay, which is above the south-east doorway from the cloister, where the hoodmould appears to have been enriched with low-relief carving, and in the seventh bay, where there is no hoodmould.The two aisles are now braced by arched buttresses along much of their length, those on the south side being of 1620, and those on the north side of 1625. The roofs over the galleries were rebuilt to steeper pitches, possibly at the same time that the buttresses were built. On the south side this evidently meant that the upper part of the outer gallery walls was cut down, truncating or possibly completely destroying the window at that level, while the clearstorey windows were blocked in their lower part. On the north side the gallery windows appear not to have been altered, and the new roof instead rose to mid-height of the clearstorey windows. These changes were reversed during restorations of 1845-55, when some of the details of the gallery and clearstorey windows may have been modified. Evidence for the sequence of changes is to be found both in early views and in masonry changes, since the later work is marked by the use of a fine-grained grey stone, rather than the buff-coloured stone of the medieval work.The nave gallery windows that may preserve their Romanesque appearance are in the second to the seventh bays on the south side, and in the second and third bays on the north side. All those on the south side, however, were renewed in the 1840s, and are now blind; the renewal is identifiable from the use of grey stone. The Romanesque windows at this level have triangular heads composed of two stones set at an angle to each other, which are carried on en-delit nook shafts with cushion capitals. Within that frame is a pair of triangular-headed openings with a lozenge shaped opening in the spandrel, all those openings having chamfered arrises to the reveals. In the fourth, fifth and sixth bays on the north side these windows have been replaced by small single-light windows, probably of thirteenth-century date, though the ghosts of the Romanesque jambs are still detectable in parts. It may be speculated that the triangular window heads could be a pointer to the possibility that the gallery storey was originally finished externally by a series of lateral gables, as is known to have been the case at Durham Cathedral, though at Dunfermline there is no other evidence to support this possibility.The nave clearstorey windows are all of the simplest kind, having semicircular arches, with the reveals of both jambs and arch being relieved by no more than a narrow rebate. They have no hoodmould.Internally the division between the monastic choir and the nave is known to have occupied the easternmost bay of the nave. The pulpitum, which is only known from the evidence of early views, and whose date is unknown, was in the west crossing arch; its single round-arched opening is shown on a view by Henry Cave drawn before construction of the parish church of 1818-21. The lower courses of the choir screen, with its two doorways, were located in excavations by Peter Macgregor Chalmers in 1916 and remain in view; traces of the screens across the aisles are also visible within the masonry at the internal side entrances to the early nineteenth-century church.Within the nave there is a striking contrast between the decorative treatment of the arcade storey and that of the gallery and clearstorey levels, the former being treated with considerable richness and the latter with extreme plainness. It is thus likely that, while the arcade storey of the nave was built as a continuation of the campaign on the eastern limb and transepts, the upper storeys were built following a change of design. However, views drawn for Francis Grose and General Hutton in the later eighteenth and earlier nineteenth centuries respectively indicate that the gallery level in the easternmost nave bay was treated more richly than the bays to its west, evidently with four sub-arches within each opening, suggesting that as part of the first campaign an abuttal for the central crossing was provided at gallery level. There may then have been a slight hiatus before construction of the upper storeys of the nave, when work was re-started in a very much more frugal manner. Nevertheless, it is assumed that work on the nave was largely complete by the time of a dedication recorded in 1150.The nave arcade piers are generally of cylindrical form, the two eastern ones on each side being decorated with incised patterns. The south-west tower pier is composed of elements that reflect the form of the wall responds along the aisles, except on its north face, towards the central vessel, where it has a plain face with no engaged shafts or pilasters. Thus, on each of the east, south and west sides there is the combination of a half-shaft on the face of a pilaster, flanked on each side by a set-back half roll. On the north side the west arcade bay beneath the north-west tower was replaced by a solid wall terminating in an arcade respond as part of Abbot Bothwell’s work in the mid-fifteenth century, and the pier to its east was rebuilt to octofoil clustered shaft form.Along the aisle walls the bays are articulated by major responds. The lower walls below the windows of the north and south aisle, and across the west front, were initially decorated throughout with blind arcading, except in those bays where there are doorways. However, the arcading has been removed in those parts that were rebuilt by Abbot Bothwell in the mid-fifteenth century. It has also been almost entirely lost below the south-west tower, which was rebuilt in the early nineteenth century, and in the seventh bay of the south nave aisle, where a later medieval doorway was inserted. In addition, it has been removed or partly obscured in the fifth bay from the east of the south aisle, and in the second and fourth bays of the north aisle, due to the insertion of post-medieval memorials.In the south nave aisle the string course below the windows survives in the second to the seventh bays, though in the second bay there are only short stretches on each side of the doorway rear-arch in that bay. In the north nave aisle the string course below the windows has survived only in the third and fourth bays, though much of that in the third bay is restored. The rich detailing of the Romanesque aisle window rear-arches that rest on the string course is one of the clearest indicators of the high aspirations behind the first phase of construction at Dunfermline. They have survived in the second to the seventh bays of the south nave aisle, and in the third and fourth bays from the east of the north nave aisle.The aisles are vaulted throughout, except within the early nineteenth-century south-west tower. The only area where the vaulting appears to be essentially in its Romanesque form, however, is in the second to fifth bays of the north nave aisle, where the webbing is of heavily plastered rubble. Here there are broad transverse arches with a flat soffit and sunk angle rolls. The diagonal ribs have a soffit roll flanked by segmental hollows. Diagonal ribs of this kind are also to be seen down the length of the south aisle, though the form of the transverse ribs, together with the ashlar construction of the webbing, makes clear that the vaults on that side have been reconstructed at some stage, retaining only the diagonal ribs. A combination of the facts that the diagonal ribs in the second to fifth north aisle bays inter-relate rather awkwardly with the moulded second arcade order, and that in the south arcade the second arcade order towards the aisle is of simple rectangular profile in the third to sixth bays, might suggest that it had been initially intended that the vaults should be groined and not ribbed. But there can be no certainty on this. Beneath the east side of the south-west tower, where there is also a surviving Romanesque transverse arch, there is a second order to that arch, with a pair of rolls to the soffit and a segmental hollow to the face.The gallery openings, which rest on a string course, are simple round arches with plain arrises, and those that are still in their Romanesque form are relieved by no more than a single arch order at the centre of the wall thickness. It cannot be ruled out, however, that the original intention had been for each arch to contain a number of sub-arches, as appears to have been the case in the first bay on the north side on the evidence of early views. In the sixth to eighth bays on the north side the gallery arches were reconstructed for Abbot Bothwell in the mid-fifteenth century. In the sixth and seventh bays simple unmoulded round arches were built, while the eighth bay was left blank,The clearstorey windows also rest on a string course, and have no more enrichment than a single nook shaft on each side in the jambs. There is a wall passage at clearstorey level, which appears to have continued across the west front; there was also a lower wall passage across the west front a little below the level of the gallery. The clearstorey of the sixth to the eighth bays on the north side were rebuilt as part of Abbot Bothwell’s reconstruction of the north-west corner of the nave, and are even more simply detailed than their Romanesque counterparts.The central vessel of the nave is now covered by a flat panelled ceiling braced by transverse timber arches dating from the mid-nineteenth century. A view of 1805 by the Rev’d John Sime shows that when in use as the parish church a ceiling had been inserted above the level of the arcade arches, with two levels of timber lofts within the arcades and further lofts at each end. The upper level of lofts in the aisles was lit by a number of windows cut through the aisle walls, some of which involved paring back of the vault webbing, and although much of this was reversed in 1845-55, traces of some of those openings are still discernible.There are extensive remains of the ranges on the east and south sides of the site of the cloister, and of the guest house/palace to the south-west, though none of these incorporate detectable Romanesque fabric and need not be discussed here.
Augustinian house, former
The extensive ruins of the abbey on the island of Inchcolm, in the Firth of Forth, preserves only a few carved features of the Romanesque church and priory, in particular parts of the nave exterior and the W doorway. The 12th-century church was built with a simple, aisleless nave and rectangular east end. There were no transepts. This was extended to the E, in the later 12th century, with a new rectangular chancel, the original chancel then built into a tower. During the 13th century, a new cloister was built, with a new doorway into the church from the E walk. The W end of the church had a later-medieval porch built onto it, apparently at the same time that the nave and tower were re-configured in the 14th century to form a new upper level, possibly as housing for the Abbot. Alongside this there appears to have been a reconstruction and re-organisation of the cloister buildings. A small building W of the abbey church has often been thought to have been built before the priory was founded. The proposals have suggested that the main part of the cell was constructed in the 11th century, with changes made in later centuries. Suggestions for dates for the building vary, with some as late as the 16th century. There are no carved decorations within the structure or any other features which would allow for a definitive construction date to be given. A few surviving pre-Romanesque carved stones are displayed in the on-site museum. The abbey was an important religious site within the diocese of Dunkeld. A few churches on the mainland were gifted to the canons of Inchcolm and these were also part of the diocese of Dunkeld.
Parish church
Leuchars is a small town in the north-east of Fife, Scotland, situated 6 miles north-west of St Andrews. The plan of the medieval church of St Athernase and Bonocus is only partly known, since no more than the square chancel and eastern apse survive. It is uncertain if there was ever a tower at the west end of the nave, though, bearing in mind that churches of comparable date and quality such as Dalmeny and Tyninghame did have west towers, it might be thought unusual for such an ambitious church as Leuchars not to have had one.
The chancel was walled off from the nave at some date after the Reformation, apparently leaving little visible evidence of the fine arch that had opened into it. An octagonal two-stage domed bell tower was raised over the apse that can probably be attributed to John Douglas, who is known to have worked on it in 1744, but the line of the earlier apse roof is still visible against the east gable wall of the chancel. The nave was extensively remodelled for parochial worship on a number of occasions, and there are recorded works in 1812-14 by Robert Balfour. At some stage a lateral north aisle was added.
The nave was entirely rebuilt to an elongated rectangular plan and in a mildly Romanesque idiom in 1857-8 by John Milne. Its show front, to the south, has a central gabled salient with a door covered by a later porch; that salient is flanked symmetrically by pairs of windows and by a doorway towards each end, that to the east being now blocked. On the less visible north side, considerable extents of cubical masonry suggest that Romanesque fabric has been re-cycled. Milne also carried out some restoration works on the chancel and apse.
A more scholarly restoration was carried out by Reginald Fairle in 1914, who reopened the chancel arch towards the nave. Within the re-opened arch he placed a timber screen, but this was relocated to the vestibule to form a baptistery area in 1935. Fairlie had also proposed shortening the nave of the 1850s, while doubling its width towards the north and adding a western tower and narthex.
The Romanesque chancel and apse are remarkable for their extraordinarily lavish external decoration, with two levels of blind arcading carried on decorative string courses that run around both parts. At the lower level of the chancel flanks the arcading is intersecting and carried on paired en délit shafts with cushion or scalloped caps. At the upper level of the chancel the arcading is simple, and is carried on en délit shafts flanking pilaster-like projections; the upper arches have continuous mouldings to the inner order and a cable moulding to the outer.
The lower level of the apse has simple arcading that is carried on engaged pairs of shafts separated by a spur, with chevron decoration to the arches. The apse rises to a lower height than the chancel, and the simple arcading to its upper level is carried on similar supports to those of the chancel, though the arches have chevron to the inner order and multiple billet to the outer. There is greater variety to the capitals of the upper apse arcading, with several of volute form. The wall-head around both chancel and apse has a decorative corbel table with grotesque human and animal heads.
Enclosed within the upper arcading around chancel and apse, there are two small-rounded windows to the south flank of the chancel and one on the north, while the apse has three such windows. It appears, however, that in their present form they date from John Milne’s restoration of 1857-8, and that they replace ‘two square windows with a single stone mullion’ in the south chancel wall and one in the apse. It is likely, however, that the original windows were of this form.
On the north side there is evidence that the Romanesque nave was, as might be expected, slightly wider than the chancel, though it did not extend so far to the north as the nave of 1857-8. The evidence for this is seen in the survival of its base course below the east face of the north-east corner of the mid-nineteenth-century nave. There is also above it a corresponding section of decorated string course, at a level corresponding to mid-height of the upper level of blind arcading on the adjacent chancel. The evidence has been somewhat confused by the way in which that string course has been extended by reset lengths of string course with the same moulding along the whole of the east nave wall and back along the eastern part of its north wall. But there can be little doubt that the base course provides a firm indicator of the width of the nave on the north side, because it can be seen that it returns towards the west.
Internally, it is clearer than on the exterior that the chancel has been heavily restored, and there must be some doubt over the extent to which there was any basis for the form of the restored rear-arches to the two windows in the south wall and the one in the north. The rear-arches of the apse windows, however, appear to be more likely to reflect their original form. Their chevron-decorated arches are carried by en délit shafts that rise from a string course.
Rising from that same string course, above grotesque head corbels, are wall shafts that support the ribs of the vault, which have triple-rolls to their soffits. The ribbed part of the vault is confined to the semi-circular eastern part of the apse, and there is a short section of barrel vault to the western part. There may have been some restoration of the vault when Reginald Fairlie removed an arch that had been inserted to support the tower over the apse. There is no evidence that the chancel has been vaulted.
The chancel and apse arches are the finest features of the interior. The responds in each case have a leading half-shaft on the face of a pilaster, which is itself flanked by three-quarter nook-shafts, and the caps are of cushion or scalloped form. The chancel arch has an inner order with triple soffit rolls and simple chevron to the leading face, while the outer order has continuous mouldings and there is a chip-carved hood mould. The apse arch is more richly treated, with two chevron-decorated orders and a billet-carved hood mould towards the chancel.
Parish church
Markinch is a village in Fife, Scotland. The present church of St Drosan and St John the Baptist consists of a 12th-century W. tower and post-Reformation nave, the latter orientated towards a pulpit on the S interior wall. It is possible that the central part of the E wall is medieval, but its date has yet to be proven. The church was enlarged by extending the south side of the church in the 17th century, with additional work on the church undertaken during the 18th century. Then, in the early 19th century, the church was extended on the N side and a new spire erected on top of the W tower. Extensive reorganisation of the church, including the blocking of the W tower arch, was undertaken in the 1880s. The upper stage of the W tower has double openings on the four faces, each of these having attached nook shafts with cushion capitals and a single en-delit shaft with four-sided cushion capital. Three stringcourses around the exterior of the tower separate the tower into four sections. The lower two stringcourses have a decoration of carved lozenges, but the top stringcourse is plain. Other carved decoration is found on a series of stones with chip carved saltires, three reused on the S exterior nave wall and one, now loose, found built into the N side of the church. This loose stone is definitely a voussoir and is presently kept inside the W tower. On the E face of the W tower arch is carved a simple cross with flared arms on one of the upper voussoirs, the date of the carving uncertain. North of the church, built into a separate building, is a worn medieval capital which is not of Romanesque type.
Ruined former Augustinian cathedral priory church
The remains of St Rule's church stand a short distance SE of the ruins of St Andrew's Cathedral in St Andrew's, Fife in eastern Scotland. This church now consists of an unusually tall and slender tower, rising to 32.5 metres, with a single surviving small rectangular chamber to its east. The evidence of the continuity of the lower walling makes clear that there was at least one further chamber to the east of that. Another chamber was clearly added in a later phase to the west of the tower, which may have replaced a smaller predecessor. The church has relatively thin walls in relation to its height, and they are built of notably fine masonry composed of large squared blocks of grey ashlar, rising from a narrow chamfered plinth course. A corbel table running along the north and south sides of the wall head of the eastern chamber continues unbroken, and at the same level, around the north, west and south walls of the tower, showing that the tower was initially exposed at that level on those three sides, and there is a similar corbel table running around the entire wall head of the tower, above which is a second, later corbel table.
The north and south flanks of the eastern chamber are each pierced by two small double-splayed arched windows. The outer faces of the window arches are cut into single block lintels, while the inner sides are cut through the coursed masonry, albeit with rather curiously devised voussoirs around the perimeter of the arch head. At the belfry stage of the tower, and resting on a string course, are paired windows to each face, the outer jambs of which are stepped as if for nook shafts, though there is no evidence that these were ever supplied, and the rebates are probably in any case too small to have received them. The belfry arches are cut through block lintels and have shallow mouldings running around them.
The most architecturally complex features of the church are three tall arches of slightly horseshoe-shaped form, one through each of the east and west walls of the tower, and one through the east wall of the chamber to its east. The arch through the east wall of the tower is the simplest of the three, and is of two orders of basically rectangular section, the outer order of the arch being slightly offset from the jambs, which had nook shafts with bell-shaped capitals below square imposts. There are no signs of disturbance around this arch, and it is evidently part of the first building campaign. Conversely, the west tower arch is clearly an insertion, since it is not coursed in with the adjacent walls, and its upper voussoirs cut the corbel table. Its outer arch order is more complex than that of its eastern counterpart, having a quirked cavetto moulding and an edge roll; it is uncertain what form its inner order took, since it is obscured by the wall that now blocks the arch. This arch was evidently inserted to serve as the opening into an enlarged nave, though it has been plausibly suggested on the masonry evidence that there may initially have been a western vestibule of some form on the site of that nave, which must presumably have been accessed through a smaller arch.
The church evidently continued in some use after being superseded by the adjacent new cathedral in 1318. Prior William de Lothian (1340-54) re-roofed it, and a door inserted in the east tower arch is associated with the arms of Prior John Hepburn (1482-1522). In 1789 the surviving fabric was consolidated by the Barons of the Exchequer at a time that the crown in Scotland was starting to take responsibility for many of the medieval cathedrals and monastic buildings.
The main features of sculptural interest are the two tower arches, the E chamber arch, and the belfry windows.
Cathedral, former
The former Cathedral of St Andrew is located near the cost at St Andrews in the peninsula of Fife in eastern Scotland.
The eastern arm of the cathedral as begun in 1160-62 was set out with an aisleless easternmost section of two bays and an aisled section of six bays, with the chapels at the aisle ends walled off from the presbytery. Four-bay transepts with an eastern chapel aisle to each projected on either side of the crossing, west of which was a long nave of twelve aisled bays in its final form, but which was initially planned to have at least fourteen bays.
Externally, the bays were demarcated by slender pilaster buttresses, which emerge from within a horizontally continuous base course. All elements were framed by thin engaged or en-délit shafts – the longer ones having shaft rings – and, where appropriate, by wall arches. The pilasters and angle turrets of the presbytery also have such shafts at their junction with the wall. At the lower levels the capitals to the shafts are predominantly of attenuated crocket form, and excavated fragments suggest that the arcade capitals were also decorated with crockets, though there were also water-leaf forms to some of the lesser capitals.
The main elements of the Cathedral that survived abandonment after the Reformation include the east gable wall and some lower walling and partly reconstructed pier fragments of the eastern limb; arcade level walling on the south and west sides of the south transept and along the south side of the nave; and almost half of the west front of the 1270s. A number of stones now displayed in the site museum are also included here, though their origins are uncertain, having been found in various locations in St Andrews.
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Tolbooth
Crail is a former royal burgh on the south coast of the East Neuk of Fife. This report focuses on the tolbooth, situated near the Marketgate. The earliest part of the tolbooth is the lower part of the tower, which has been claimed to date to about 1517. Whether this is correct, it is certain that work on the tolbooth, recorded as the ‘bigging off ane towbuth’ was ordered by the burgh council in 1598. An armorial panel survives which is inscribed with the date 160[-], which might refer to the completion of the tower. Small alterations were undertaken in the 18th century, which included the insertion of a S doorway, the lintel of which has the date 1757 carved on it. The upper windows of the tower were put in in 1776. By 1814 the tolbooth was said to be in an ‘old and ruinous state’, which resulted in extensive building work, including a large extension. Built into the S exterior wall in the west section, thought to have been part of this work, is a 12th-century scallop capital and base with moulded profile.
Graveyard and site of former church
In a graveyard, just south of a derelict mausoleum built in 1830, is a medieval gravestone, its long sides coped and carved with squared imbrication. The mausoleum is believed to be on the same site as an earlier church. This and the surrounding graveyard are sited at Overton in Tulliallan, in a wooded area called Windyhill. A new parish church was built on a different site in 1675-6, but this church, now called the ‘old church’, is itself a ruin and the present parish church, built in the the 19th century, is located in yet a different location. The Statiscal Account of 1794 described the early church at Windyhill as “very small, being only 36 feet in length, 16 in breadth, and 8 feet in height.” Between 1889 and 1892, the parish of Tulliallan was transferred from a detached part of the county of Perth to that of Fife, in which it remains.